#1: Metals:

Metals can easily be seen in the Periodic Table boxes. After all, they are in the blue, purple, and yellow boxes.

These elements are the majority. Some of the most common examples include gold, silver, lead, and copper. Usually, these elements of the modern periodic table are good conductors of electricity and heat, as well as they are malleable and soft.

One of the things that you may be wondering about is the reason why metals have different colors on their boxes. However, the reason is simple. It refers to the most and less metallic elements. The metals located on the left side and at the bottom of the table are the most metallic elements. 

Metals can be divided into Alkali, Alkaline earth, transition or heavy, and rare Earth metals.

#2:  NonMetals:

Nonmetal boxes are located above the diagonal line, and they are included in the red, gold, and green boxes on the Periodic Table. Please notice that even though hydrogen is colored with green, it is a metal. However, this is the only exception.

Nonmetals are a very interesting category of elements of the modern periodic table. The truth is that some of these nonmetals exist as gases, others exist as solids, and there is even one that is liquid. Nevertheless, nonmetals share some properties and this is why we are able to form this category.

Within the nonmetals category, you can find fluorine which is the most active nonmetal. On the other hand, you can also find the noble gases as well as the most nonreactive elements.

One of the things that make this category of elements of the modern periodic table so interesting is the fact that they include a lot of compounds that are formed from nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon. These are also known as organic chemicals.

A lot of nonmetals are colored. These include elements such as violet-black iodine, red-brown bromine, pale yellow chlorine, yellow-green fluorine, among others.

#3: Metalloids:

You can easily see metalloids in the Periodic Table when you check the pink boxes and they are in the diagonal.

Metalloids include polonium (Po), tellurium (Te), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), germanium (Ge), silicon (Si), and boron (B). As you can easily see on the Periodic Table, the metalloids form a stair and they establish the border between the metals and nonmetals categories.

One of the things that you need to know about metalloids is that each one has its own mixture of metals and nonmetals properties. While there are some metalloids that are shiny, others are incredibly luster. Besides, not all of them are able to conduct electricity.

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One of the things that you will also notice is that each one of its elements has a specific location. This location is determined by the element atomic structure.

Just like any grid, the Modern Periodic Table also includes rows and columns. Each one of its rows and columns has specific characteristics. Let’s take a look at Calcium and Magnesium, for example. As you can easily see, they are both located in the same column which means they share some similarities. This also occurs with Calcium and Potassium which share the same row. In addition, Sodium and Magnesium also share similarities since they are in the period, which is the same thing as saying that they have similar electron configurations.

What Are Periods In The Modern Periodic Table?

As we already mentioned, the Modern Periodic Table is similar to a grid and it has rows and columns. Even though there are some holes in the middle of certain rows, you should read the Modern Periodic Table from left to right, as usual. 

Each one of the rows of the Modern Periodic Table is called period. If you take a look at the elements in one row, they all have the same number of atomic orbitals.

What Are Groups In The Modern Periodic Table?

While a row is called a period, each one of the columns in the Modern Periodic Table is called a Group. Just like it happened with the rows or periods, each element of a column or group has the exact same number of electrons in the outer orbital. These are often called valence electrons. In case you don’t know and you’re just starting to learn more about the Modern Periodic Table, these are the electrons that are involved in the chemical bonds with other elements. 

If you try to read the Modern Periodic Table, you need to start from left to right again. So, when you take a look at the first group or column, every element that belongs here has one electron in its outer shell. The elements on the second column or group have two electrons in their outer shell. And so on. However, there are some exceptions to this rule that occur with the transition elements. 

Special Elements On The Modern Periodic Table

In our opinion, there are two special elements on the Modern Periodic Table that we should take a closer look at:

#1: Hydrogen (H):

When you look at hydrogen in its neutral form, this element doesn’t have a neutron. It only has one electron and one proton. In what concerns atomic hydrogen, you will need to combine it with other elements to fill its outer shell.

#2: Helium (He):

Helium is also a different element. The truth is that this element is incredibly stable even though it only has 2 electrons in its valence shell or outer shell.

One of the things that makes Helium a special element is that it is grouped with the noble gases that usually include 8 electrons in their orbitals.

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So, simply put, electronegativity is the process of measuring the strength that an atom has to attract the electrons in a bond. So, as it is easily understandable when an atom has a high electronegativity, it will have more strength to attract electrons. On the other hand, the weaker or the lower the electronegativity of an atom, the weaker the atom is to attract electrons.

One of the reasons why it is important to know how to calculate electronegativity is because the electronegativity values are used to make predictions about how different atoms will behave when they are bonded to each other.

So, how can you calculate electronegativity?

In order to calculate electronegativity, you need to understand that chemical bonds only occur when atoms share electrons. In case you don’t know, a bond occurs when two atoms in a specific molecule are connected to each other. In practice, this means that these atoms share a set of two electrons.

One of the things that you need to understand in order to learn how to calculate electronegativity is that while two atoms can share the same set of electrons, this doesn’t mean that they share them equally. The truth is that if one of the atoms has a higher electronegativity, it will be able to pull the set of electrons near it.

When you are trying to calculate electronegativity, it is important that you have an electronegativity table near you. After all, these table and chart can show you how the different elements are arranged according to their electronegativity.

Here are some considerations that you should know about electronegativity tables:

• As you move to the right of the periodic table, the electronegativity of the atom increases.
• As you move upper on the periodic table, the electronegativity of the atom also increases.
• The atoms with fewer electronegativity can be found down and on the left of the periodic table.

Now that you are well aware of what electronegativity is and why it is useful, let’s see how you can calculate electronegativity.

So, how can you determine the difference of the electronegativity between two atoms? 

When the two atoms are bonded together, all you need to do is to calculate the difference between their electronegativity in order to learn more about the qualities of their bond. So, just subtract the atom with a smaller electronegativity from the atom with larger electronegativity.

Let’s say that you were looking to calculate electronegativity of the molecule HF. In this case, you would have:

Electronegativity of Fluorine – Electronegativity of Hydrogen =

= 4.0 – 2.1 = 1.9

After calculating the electronegativity, it is important to analyze the result.

#1: When The Difference Is Below 0.5:

When this happens, we say that the bond is nonpolar covalent. This occurs when the electrons are shared almost equally between the atoms.

#2: When The Difference Is Between 0.5 and 1.6:

When this happens, we say that the bond is polar covalent. This occurs when one of the atoms has a higher electronegativity and is able to attract more electrons near it.

#3: When The Difference Is Between 1.6 And 2.0:

When this happens, you should check for a metal. In case there is at least one metal in the bond, the bond is said to be ionic. In case there aren’t any metals, the bond is said to be polar covalent.

#4: When The Difference Is Over 2.0:

When this happens, we say that the bond is ionic. This occurs when all the electrons are near one single atom.

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